Progress of the Pan-American Exposition
By Edward Hale Brush
Scientific American Supplement, November 24, 1900
It is scarcely six months since the real construction work of the Pan-American Exposition was begun, yet most of the buildings in the main Exposition group stand today practically complete, and in a few weeks will be ready for the installation of exhibits. At the present time the Pan-American grounds present a most interesting scene. The buildings fronting upon the Esplanade and the Court of the Fountains are all under roof. Most of them have been covered with staff, and the staff of several has received its coat of many colors. The admirable character of the arrangement of buildings adopted can be very well appreciated, now that the structures are so far along toward completion. Grouping the principal buildings about the two great intersecting courts, each as large as the main court at any previous exposition, secures a splendid effect and ministers also to the comfort of the visitor, who will have comparatively little walking to do in reaching different parts of the grounds. The permanent buildings in the classic style, the $400,000 Albright Art Gallery and the New York State building, both in white marble, will stand among the trees of beautiful Delaware Park, the State and foreign buildings will be to the east of the Triumphal Bridge, and the Midway buildings will be in the northwest portion of the grounds, while opposite, across the Plaza, will be the great structure of the Stadium. But about these two main courts will nevertheless be the great architectural effects of the Exposition. Looking from the Triumphal Bridge, the splendid monumental entrance to this portion of the grounds from the south, one sees looming up at the far end of the vista, at a distance of about one-third of a mile, the Electric Tower which has now reached a height of over 300 feet. Its total height is to be 375 feet. On either side of the Tower and of the Court of the Fountains are the buildings of Electricity, Machinery and Transportation, Agriculture, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, Ethnology and the Temple of Music. To the right, at one end of the Esplanade, are the three buildings constituting the United States Government group and connected by colonnades, and to the left are the group for Graphic Arts, Horticulture and Mines, which are connected by conservatories that next summer will be luxuriant with the rarest and most beautiful plants and flowers. Here then are 13 immense buildings, all immediately within the view, and surrounding these two great courts, and all conforming in greater or less degree to the style of the Spanish Renaissance. which is now seen to be remarkably well adapted to the purposes of the Exposition, combining as it does so many features suitable to the expression of the fantastic ideas and buoyancy of spirit which harmonize with the mood of an Exposition multitude. All of the buildings are to be treated in color instead of left in the monotonous white. These two vast courts around which the buildings are mostly grouped, with the buildings and other architectural features surrounding, gave a splendid opportunity for embellishment in several respects.
The sculptural adornment of the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition will be more profuse and elaborate than has ever before been attempted in connection with a similar enterprise. And in saying this I make no exception of either the great World's Fair at Chicago with its Court of Honor or the Paris Exposition with its Alexander Bridge and other highly embellished architectural features. Practically all of the noted sculptors of Pan-America are at work on groups and individual figures which are to adorn and dignify the buildings and grounds of this Exposition. Frown the Triumphal Bridge on the south, embellished from end to end with symbolic figures and designs, and with its four stately piers, 100 feet in height, carrying mounted standard bearers, to the Electrical Tower on the north with its elaborate sculptural scheme terminating 375 feet above terra firma in a figure of the Goddess of Light of hammered brass by Herbert Adams -- from one end to the other of this vista, sculpture in the most bewildering variety will abound, the charming effect of these forms of beauty being enhanced by the garden embellishment, the fountains and cascades, and at night by the soft radiance of the electric lights. There will be sculpture expressive of the beneficence of Mother Nature adorning the fountain at the head of the Court of the Fountains, and at the end of the Esplanade where the horticultural group is situated. At the opposite ends of the Esplanade the sculpture, by such men as R. Hinton Perry and Herbert Adams, will typify man and his institutions. The groups in the Court of the Fountains will be allegorical representations of the ideas dominant in the surrounding buildings devoted to machinery and transportation, manufactures and liberal arts, music, ethnology, agriculture and electricity; and the sculpture of the Electric Tower and its beautiful colonnades will portray the ideas associated with the power of the elements, the mysterious force of electricity, the great waters amid which Buffalo is situated and which have made her so potent an influence in the world of commerce and industry.
There will be some 125 original groups of this sculpture, not including that in the fine arts exhibit in the Albright Art Gallery, and it is engaging the attention of some thirty-five sculptors, including such exponents of this branch of fine art as George Gray Barnard, Frederic Macmonnies, Daniel C. French. Edwin F. Elwell, J.Q.A. Ward, F.W. Ruekstuhl, Philip Martiny, E.C. Potter, Herbert Adams, John Gellert, Ralph Goddard, Isidore Konti, and Karl Bitter, the last named sculptor having been chosen to supervise the work of sculptural adornment of the Exposition. His success in carrying out the ambitious allegorical scheme of sculpture devised for the Pan-American, and embodying in the main his own ideas, marks him as a creative genius of high order. Now that so much of the sculptural work is already done and shipped to Buffalo, the magnitude and beauty of this feature of the Exposition is beginning to be realized, and the fact is appreciated that it will mark an era in the progress of this branch of art in Pan-America.
In another respect the arrangement of the main buildings of the Pan-American group, as they have been placed about these courts, lends itself admirably to the purpose of the architects to secure remarkable and fascinating effects. It renders possible the greatest and most artistic illumination by means of electric lamps and hydraulic effects ever conceived and carried out by human intellect and inventive genius. This illumination, which will be achieved about the Court of the Fountains and the Esplanade, will be a feature of the Pan-American Exposition worthy of the fin de siecle enterprise, the story of which is to be told by the Exposition as a whole.
The progress made by electrical science and the harnessing of Niagara within the last decade make possible this supreme achievement. With the great Falls plant, which within a short time will be generating over 100,000 horsepower, within twenty miles of the Exposition grounds, and linked with the Exposition by a transmission line, it is fitting that electricity should receive special prominence at the Exposition, and that the electrical illumination should surpass all precedents set in this respect. The illuminating area of the courts already described and of the Plaza to the north of the Electric Tower, is three times as large as that at Omaha and two and one-half times as large as that at Chicago, while the character of the buildings, the fantastic outlines many will possess, and their grouping about the courts, will give a peculiar beauty to their penciling in incandescent lights. With the sky lines of the buildings traced in fire against the heavens, with the basin of the Court of the Fountains golden with thousands of floating lights, the cascades resplendent with mysteriously changing fiery hues, and rising above all the stately Electric Tower, one mass of shining splendor from the plashing fountain at its feet to tile dazzling Goddess of Light upon its topmost pinnacle, --with such a scene to portray, the most skillful word painter will be at a loss where to begin and where to end his task.
The statement that 200,000 electric lamps will be used in this illumination
conveys some idea of its extent, although it is difficult for the average mind
to grasp what it means when such a statement is made. There is scarcely anything
with which such an illumination can be compared, and the visitor must come to
see it in order to appreciate the marvelous brilliancy and beauty of the scene
which will be created. The incandescent lamps to be used in this illumination
will give a peculiar softness and agreeableness to the quality of the light.
Arc lights will be used to light the interior of the buildings, and rows of
these lights will border the grounds; but the great illumination will be given
through the incandescent lamp, which will be introduced in the fountains and
hydraulic features in many novel and startling forms to give a bewitching character
to the scene. The electrical experts of the Exposition are now studying on a
novel method of turning the light on and off, so that this operation in itself
may be one of tile wonderful features of the electrical display.